It usually results from viruses and bacteria. Retinitis refers to the inflammation of the retina. One 2021 study suggests that macular degeneration is the most common retinal disorder in the U.S. With this condition, the macula deteriorates and causes distorted central vision, which may worsen over time and cause permanent vision loss. Macular degenerationīecause macular degeneration is more common among older adults, eye doctors usually call it age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Eye injuries may also result in macular holes. Similar to retinal tears, macular holes are small breaks in the macula that occur due to an unusual pulling between the vitreous and the retina.Īging is the most common cause of macular holes. A person may notice distortion of their central vision. It is usually scar tissue from a medical condition or injury.ĮRMs often do not cause symptoms, except when they affect the macula or the center of the retina, which is important in perceiving visual details and features. Epiretinal membranesĮpiretinal membranes (ERMs), also called macular puckers or cellophane maculopathy, make up a thin layer that forms on the retina’s inner surface. Conditions that can cause retinopathy include diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.ĭiabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes, with evidence suggesting that it is a leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States. This accumulation of fluid can affect the retina and result in changes to vision. Retinopathy results from damage to the blood vessels at the back of the eye, which causes fluid to leak. Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that, without treatment, may lead to permanent vision loss. Retinal detachment occurs when a buildup of fluid, which usually enters through a retinal tear, causes the retina to detach from the choroid, which is the eye layer that provides it with oxygen and nutrients. This is a more serious condition that affects vision. It is important for people to receive treatment for a retinal tear, as it may result in retinal detachment. Retinal tears can cause blurry vision, the sudden onset of floaters, or flashes of light. This can happen when the vitreous detaches as part of the aging process, or it can result from trauma. This typically occurs when the vitreous, which is a jelly-like substance in the eye, attaches to the retina and pulls hard enough to tear it. Retinal tearĪ retinal tear happens when there is a tear or hole in the retina. Some common retinal problems may include the following. 18, 2017.Share on Pinterest Arctic-Images/Getty Images A review of the surgical options for the correction of presbyopia. In: Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. Comprehensive Adult Medical Eye Evaluation - 2015.Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2020. Visual impairment in adults: Refractive disorders and presbyopia. Certain drugs are associated with premature presbyopic symptoms, including antidepressants, antihistamines and diuretics. Being farsighted or having certain diseases - such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis or cardiovascular diseases - can increase your risk of premature presbyopia, which is presbyopia in people younger than 40. Almost everyone experiences some degree of presbyopia after age 40. Age is the greatest risk factor for presbyopia. Risk factorsĬertain factors can make you more likely to develop presbyopia, including: As a result, these images appear out of focus. As your lens becomes less flexible, it can no longer change shape to focus on close-up images. Presbyopia is caused by a hardening of the lens of your eye, which occurs with aging. When you look at something nearby, the muscle constricts, allowing the relatively elastic lens to curve and change its focusing power. When you look at something at a distance, the circular muscle relaxes. The lens, unlike the cornea, is somewhat flexible and can change shape with the help of a circular muscle that surrounds it. Both of these structures bend (refract) light entering your eye to focus the image on the retina, located on the inside back wall of your eye.The lens is a clear structure about the size and shape of an M&M's candy.The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.The closer the object, the more the lens flexes. To form an image, your eye relies on the cornea and the lens to focus the light reflected from objects. This makes close-up objects appear blurry. If you have presbyopia, your inflexible lens doesn't adjust to focus light properly, so the point of focus falls behind the retina (bottom image). With normal vision, an image is sharply focused onto the retina (top image).
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